Alkaline earth metal - Knowledge (XXG) (2024)

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2312:. Naturally occurring calcium and barium are very weakly radioactive: calcium contains about 0.1874% calcium-48, and barium contains about 0.1062% barium-130. On average, one double-beta decay of calcium-48 will occur per second for every 90 tons of natural calcium, or 230 tons of limestone (calcium carbonate). Through the same decay mechanism, one decay of barium-130 will occur per second for every 16,000 tons of natural barium, or 27,000 tons of4111:

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4816:'Beryllium has no reaction with water or steam even at red heat.' This was commonly quoted in textbooks....However, a researcher...sent me a photo showing the result of exposing beryllium to steam at 800°C. It definitely reacts. I think the problem is that beryllium is both expensive and carries major health risks....Textbook (or these days, web) statements about it never get checked.9817:

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Beryllium and radium, however, are toxic. Beryllium's low aqueous solubility means it is rarely available to biological systems; it has no known role in living organisms and, when encountered by them, is usually highly toxic. Radium has a low availability and is highly radioactive, making it toxic to

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of uranium in nuclear reactors, accounting for 5.73% and 6.31% of uranium-235's fission products respectively when bombarded by thermal neutrons. The two isotopes have half-lives each of 28.90 years and 12.7 days. Strontium-90 is produced in appreciable quantities in operating nuclear reactors

2444:. These oxides are basic (alkaline) when combined with water. "Earth" was a term applied by early chemists to nonmetallic substances that are insoluble in water and resistant to heating—properties shared by these oxides. The realization that these earths were not elements but1535:

is an exception: It does not react with water or steam unless at very high temperatures, and its halides are covalent. If beryllium did form compounds with an ionization state of +2, it would polarize electron clouds that are near it very strongly and would cause extensive

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may render such an extrapolation invalid. The next element with properties similar to the alkaline earth metals has been predicted to be element 166, though due to overlapping orbitals and lower energy gap below the 9s subshell, element 166 may instead be placed in

4252:-64, although no atoms were detected, leading to a limit of 1.6 pb for the reaction. Synthesis was again attempted at higher sensitivities, although no atoms were detected. Other reactions have been tried, although all have been met with failure.2852:

Magnesium and calcium are very common in the Earth's crust, being respectively the fifth and eighth most abundant elements. None of the alkaline earth metals are found in their elemental state. Common magnesium-containing minerals are

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within their cores, and only rarely manage to fuse carbon before collapsing into a stellar remnant, and even then merely for a timescale of ~1000 years. The radioisotopes of alkaline earth metals tend to be

2160:, -134, -135, -136, -137, -138. The four underlined isotopes in the list are predicted by radionuclide decay energetics to be only observationally stable and to decay with extremely long half-lives through2462:) of 1789 he called them salt-forming earth elements. Later, he suggested that the alkaline earths might be metal oxides, but admitted that this was mere conjecture. In 1808, acting on Lavoisier's idea,7258:

Oganessian, Yu. Ts.; Utyonkov, V.; Lobanov, Yu.; Abdullin, F.; Polyakov, A.; Sagaidak, R.; Shirokovsky, I.; Tsyganov, Yu.; Voinov, A. (2009). "Attempt to produce element 120 in the Pu+Fe reaction".

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Radium has many former applications based on its radioactivity, but its use is no longer common because of the adverse health effects and long half-life. Radium was frequently used in

3094:. Beryllium alloys are used for mechanical parts when stiffness, light weight, and dimensional stability are required over a wide temperature range. Beryllium-9 is used in small-scale2403:. This stability is further enhanced if the isotope also has an even number of neutrons, as both kinds of nucleons can then participate in pairing and contribute to nuclei stability.1509:

and, thus, should be handled with great care. The heavier alkaline earth metals react more vigorously than the lighter ones. The alkaline earth metals have the second-lowest first

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and not with the alkaline earth metals, but it is theorized to have some similarities to beryllium when forced into bonding and has sometimes been suggested to belong to group 2.

2813:, although some properties, such as the color of the flame test and spectral lines, were much different. They announced the discovery of a new element on 26 December 1898 to the6788:

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Kresse, Robert; Baudis, Ulrich; Jäger, Paul; Riechers, H. Hermann; Wagner, Heinz; Winkler, Jocher; Wolf, Hans Uwe (2007). "Barium and Barium Compounds". In Ullman, Franz (ed.).

3253:, and many other products. Radium is no longer used even when its radioactive properties are desired because its long half-life makes safe disposal challenging. For example, in9610:

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is used for conciseness; the nearest noble gas that precedes the element in question is written first, and then the electron configuration is continued from that point forward.

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5964:"Electro-chemical researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia"5851:"Electro-chemical researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia"3144:

with aluminum, zinc and manganese to increase its strength and corrosion resistance. Magnesium has many other industrial applications, such as its role in the production of

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Committee On Radiation Source Use And Replacement, National Research Council (U.S.); Nuclear And Radiation Studies Board, National Research Council (U.S.) (January 2008).

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2911:. Due to its relatively short half-life, radium from the Earth's early history has decayed, and present-day samples have all come from the much slower decay of uranium.2392:, since the radionuclides' chemical properties causes them to preferentially target cancerous growths in bone matter, leaving the rest of the body relatively unharmed.4045:. Hard water represents a multifold issue. It is of great interest to remove these ions, thus softening the water. This procedure can be done using reagents such as9650:

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Magnesium and calcium are ubiquitous and essential to all known living organisms. They are involved in more than one role, with, for example, magnesium or calcium

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with atmospheric or crustal atoms. The longest half-lives among them are 1.387 million years for beryllium-10, 99.4 thousand years for calcium-41, 1599 years for

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2845:(ppm), much of which is in soils, where it has a concentration of six ppm. Beryllium is one of the rarest elements in seawater, even rarer than elements such as1105:

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Moreno, Teresa; Querol, Xavier; Alastuey, Andrés; Cruz Minguillón, Mari; Pey, Jorge; Rodriguez, Sergio; Vicente Miró, José; Felis, Carles; Gibbons, Wes (2007).

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is a very selective reagent for magnesium ions and, in the presence of ammonium salts and ammonia, forms a white precipitate of ammonium magnesium phosphate.

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Hoffman, Darleane C.; Lee, Diana M.; Pershina, Valeria (2006). "Transactinides and the future elements". In Morss; Edelstein, Norman M.; Fuger, Jean (eds.).

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2849:, with a concentration of 0.2 parts per trillion. However, in freshwater, beryllium is somewhat more common, with a concentration of 0.1 parts per billion.9680:

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researches on the decomposition of the earths; with observations on the metals obtained from the alkaline earths, and on the amalgam procured from ammonia

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stable (or observationally stable) isotopes respectively, for a total of 19 stable nuclides, as listed here: beryllium-9; magnesium-24, -25, -26; calcium-

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Amundsen, K.; Aune, T. K.; Bakke, P.; Eklund, H. R.; Haagensen, J. Ö.; Nicolas, C.; Rosenkilde, C.; Van Den Bremt, S.; Wallevik, O. (2003). "Magnesium".

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The color of the flame test of pure radium has never been observed; the crimson-red color is an extrapolation from the flame test color of its compounds.

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2214:: all have half lives too short for even a single atom to have survived since the solar system's formation, after the seeding of heavy nuclei by nearby9749:

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Hagler D.J., Jr; Goda Y. (2001). "Properties of synchronous and asynchronous release during pulse train depression in cultured hippocampal neurons".

5655:(1932). "The discovery of the elements. XII. Other elements isolated with the aid of potassium and sodium: Beryllium, boron, silicon, and aluminum".9585:

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6142:"Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende (On a new, strongly radioactive substance contained in pitchblende)"4241:

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by precipitation. Alternatively, in the melt method, powdered beryl is heated to high temperature, cooled with water, then heated again slightly in

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and the solar system at varying concentrations, dependent upon the nuclides' half lives and, hence, their nuclear stabilities. The first five have

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Most of the chemistry has been observed only for the first five members of the group. The chemistry of radium is not well-established due to its

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Compared to their neighbors in the periodic table, alkaline earth metals tend to have a larger number of stable isotopes as they all possess an

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substance that is used as a desiccant. Exposed to air, it will absorb water vapour from the air, forming a solution. This property is known as

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2254:, 10.51 years for barium-133, and 5.75 years for radium-228. All others have half-lives of less than half a year, most significantly shorter.9675:

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Fricke, B.; Greiner, W.; Waber, J. T. (1971). "The continuation of the periodic table up to Z = 172. The chemistry of superheavy elements".

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Petzow, G. N.; Aldinger, F.; Jönsson, S.; Welge, P.; Van Kampen, V.; Mensing, T.; Brüning, T. (2005). "Beryllium and Beryllium Compounds".

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3047:). The sulfide is water-soluble and easily reacted to form pure barium sulfate, used for commercial pigments, or other compounds, such as2521:

All elements except beryllium were isolated by electrolysis of molten compounds. Magnesium, calcium, and strontium were first produced by

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Assessment of environmental, health and safety consequences of decommissioning radioisotope thermal generators (RTGs) in Northwest Russia

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discovered that, even after uranium had decayed, the material created was still radioactive. The material behaved somewhat similarly to

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which is full—that is, this orbital contains its full complement of two electrons, which the alkaline earth metals readily lose to form

7186:"QUALITATIVE ANALYSIS TESTS for metal cations identifying positive ions, carbonates, ammonium ion, hydrogen ions, acids identification"7171:

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All ions of alkaline earth metals form white precipitate with ammonium carbonate in the presence of ammonium chloride and ammonia.

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has been known to be able to set broken bones since the tenth century. Calcium itself, however, was not isolated until 1808, when

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in stars can only occur at energies high enough for beryllium-8 to fuse with a third alpha particle before it can decay, forming

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and are primarily generated through the decay of heavier radionuclides. The longest-lived of them is radium-226, a member of the

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Miledi, R. (1966). "Strontium as a Substitute for Calcium in the Process of Transmitter Release at the Neuromuscular Junction".

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2498:. The other compounds of the alkaline earth metals were discovered starting in the early 15th century. The magnesium compound9842:

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The next alkaline earth metal after element 120 has not been definitely predicted. Although a simple extrapolation using the

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Ca forms a white precipitate with ammonium oxalate. Calcium oxalate is insoluble in water, but is soluble in mineral acids.

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prepared it in coherent form in 1831. Davy's first suggestion for a name was magnium, but the name magnesium is now used.

1540:, since beryllium has a high charge density. All compounds that include beryllium have a covalent bond. Even the compound2206:

Apart from the 21 stable or nearly-stable isotopes, the six alkaline earth elements each possess a large number of known

2164:, though no decays attributed definitively to these isotopes have yet been observed as of 2024. Radium has no stable nor3075:

Beryllium is used mainly in military applications, but non-military uses exist. In electronics, beryllium is used as a

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Belli, P.; Bernabei, R.; Danevich, F. A.; etal. (2019). "Experimental searches for rare alpha and beta decays".

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Strontium plays an important role in marine aquatic life, especially hard corals, which use strontium to build their

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is exposed to salts of alkaline earth metals. Be and Mg do not impart colour to the flame due to their small size.

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They are generated from the corresponding oxides on reaction with water. They exhibit basic character: they turn

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7516:. Vol. 1. New York: Macmillan Reference USA, 2004. 33–34. 4 vols. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Thomson Gale.7491:

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Wagner, Rud.; Neubauer, C.; Deville, H. Sainte-Claire; Sorel; Wagenmann, L.; Techniker; Girard, Aimé (1856).

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through a somewhat long process. Electrolysis or heating of these compounds can then produce beryllium.

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in 1828 by reacting beryllium compounds with potassium. In 1910, radium was isolated as a pure metal by

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6789:"Recreational atmospheric pollution episodes: Inhalable metalliferous particles from firework displays"6579:

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4180:. While the bones themselves have higher radiation tolerance than other tissues, the rapidly dividing9454:

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7204:"Beryllium and magnesium do not give colour to flame whereas other alkaline earth metals do so. Why?"6848:

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independently isolated this new element, beryllium, by the same method, which involved a reaction of

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of their molten earths, thus supporting Lavoisier's hypothesis and causing the group to be named the

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and not as a primordial element. There have been experiments, all unsuccessful, to try to synthesize

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3113:. Its low atomic weight and low neutron absorption cross-section would make beryllium suitable as a3009:, eventually yielding beryllium hydroxide. The beryllium hydroxide from either method then produces9371:

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Petrucci R.H., Harwood W.S., and Herring F.G., General Chemistry (8th edition, Prentice-Hall, 2002)

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5327:"Uranium-235 and Uranium-238 | Hazardous Waste Cleanup Levels | Washington University in St. Louis"4495:

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3133:, beryllium's role as a moderator is more incidental than the desired property leading to its use.3130:

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lead mines, which are now known to contain barium. Barium itself was finally isolated in 1808 when

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All the discovered alkaline earth metals occur in nature, although radium occurs only through the

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5614:(1932). "The discovery of the elements. X. The alkaline earth metals and magnesium and cadmium".5308:

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Alkaline earth metals react with hydrogen to generate saline hydride that are unstable in water.

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6208:(14thed.). Whitehouse Station, NJ, US: Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc.5326:

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The alkaline earth metal oxides are formed from the thermal decomposition of the corresponding

2595:; this reaction was not able to produce large ingots of beryllium. It was not until 1898, when2490:

have been known and used since prehistoric times. The same is true for the beryllium compounds

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playing a role in some cellular processes, magnesium functioning as the active center in some

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6976:. Washington, DC: U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. June 1994. OTA-BP-ETI-129.6933:

Standring, WJF; Selnæs, ØG; Sneve, M; Finne, IE; Hosseini, A; Amundsen, I; Strand, P (2005),

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6062:. Vol.98. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. pp.333–370.4279:

is due to the expected energies of element 120's valence electrons, increasing element 120's

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by an impervious layer of oxide. However, amalgamated magnesium will react with water vapor.

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Strontium is the 15th most abundant element in the Earth's crust. The principal minerals are

2399:, owing to their status as group 2 elements. Their isotopes are generally more stable due to2171:

In addition to the stable species, calcium and barium each have one extremely long-lived and

1230:(Ra). The elements have very similar properties: they are all shiny, silvery-white, somewhat997:

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5487:"1/(1.06e-3*1000/137.327*6.02e 23*ln2*1/(1.6e 21y/s))*1e-3*233.38/137.327 - Wolfram|Alpha"5463:"1/(1.87e-3*1000/40.078*6.02e 23*ln2*1/(5.6e 19y/s))*1e-3*100.0869/40.078 - Wolfram|Alpha"4284:

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2722:. The discovery was announced by Davy on 30 June 1808 at a lecture to the Royal Society.1502:). All the alkaline earth metals except beryllium also react with water to form strongly7271:

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Production of SrCO, by black ash process: Determination of reductive roasting parameters

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are toxic due to its radioactivity and strontium-90 mimics calcium (i.e. Behaves as a "

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Magnesium has many uses. It offers advantages over other structural materials such as

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in England. Strontium carbonate was discovered in minerals in the Scottish village of

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7029:"Radium in the healing arts and in industry: Radiation exposure in the United States"6672:

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4220:. The synthesis of element 120 was first attempted in March 2007, when a team at the3633:

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Strontium and barium have fewer applications than the lighter alkaline earth metals.

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in their valence shell, so the energetically preferred state of achieving a filled

1529:. The second ionization energy of all of the alkaline metals is also somewhat low.1462:

The alkaline earth metals are all silver-colored and soft, and have relatively low

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5745:"De l'Aiguemarine, ou Béril; et découverie d'une terre nouvelle dans cette pierre"2343:

is notable by its absence as it splits in half virtually instantaneously into two

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5936:

5532:

5296:

5249:

3179:

alloys, and is also used to deoxidize alloys. Calcium has roles in the making of

9564:

9439:

9193:

8979:

8943:

8934:

8844:

8826:

8817:

7854:

6141:

5440:

5413:

4421:

4356:

4308:

4237:

4181:

4169:

4157:

4153:

3992:

3575:

3289:

3258:

3238:

3219:

3118:

3044:

2802:

2654:. Calcium as a material has been known since at least the first century, as the2651:

2596:

2534:

2377:

2365:

2340:

2328:

2290:

2281:

2277:

2223:

1272:

870:

842:

835:

765:

751:

744:

7279:

6026:

5394:

2973:

Most beryllium is extracted from beryllium hydroxide. One production method is

2260:

and barium-130, the two primordial and non-stable isotopes, decay only through

9338:

8988:

8916:

8889:

8862:

8522:

8504:

8477:

8308:

8299:

8038:

6903:

4679:

4662:

4447:

4213:

4161:

4042:

3803:

3250:

3215:

2854:

2758:

2389:

2324:

2320:

2257:

2247:

2243:

2231:

2176:

1863:

1284:

877:

821:

800:

779:

518:

504:

483:

355:

348:

149:

6738:

6126:

6094:

6077:

5794:

5304:

5111:

5046:

1304:, especially the outermost shells, resulting in trends in chemical behavior:9394:

9363:

9218:

9208:

9203:

8997:

8970:

8961:

8808:

8790:

8781:

8772:

8558:

8468:

8441:

8389:

8335:

8317:

8281:

8261:

8200:

8137:

8081:

8020:

8009:

7928:

7879:

7869:

7864:

7659:

7605:

7578:

6204:

O'Neil, Marydale J.; Heckelman, Patricia E.; Roman, Cherie B., eds. (2006).

4260:

4229:

4038:

4034:

3869:, blue. They react with water to form hydroxides in an exothermic reaction.3482:

3231:

3172:

3140:, but magnesium's usage is hindered by its flammability. Magnesium is often3137:

3060:

3021:

2974:

2885:

2878:

2870:

2858:

2798:

2643:

2642:

has been used as a material for building since 7000 to 14,000BCE, and

2592:

2515:

2507:

2352:

2265:

2215:

1993:

1910:

1871:

1857:

1610:

1532:

1506:

1397:

1357:

1337:

1265:

1219:

1211:

1207:

1083:

1029:

1002:

884:

863:

856:

737:

723:

716:

709:

546:

476:

455:

418:

376:

362:

334:

316:

272:

223:

179:

135:

126:

66:

7070:

6911:

6868:

5987:

5874:

4764:

4160:" in radiographic imaging, whilst strontium compounds are employed in some3117:, but its high price and the readily available alternatives such as water,2730:

6034:

4240:

for the cross-section at the energy studied. In April 2007, a team at the

2954:

2563:, a mineral that contains beryllium, has been known since the time of the9386:

9343:

8952:

8853:

8736:

8718:

8693:

8684:

8657:

8630:

8594:

8585:

8567:

8495:

8486:

8380:

8252:

8218:

8128:

8119:

8110:

8101:

8056:

7975:

7957:

7892:

3486:

3199:

3157:

3052:

2962:

2846:

2686:

had prepared a calcium amalgam from the electrolysis of lime in mercury.

2571:, beryl was later found to contain a then-unknown element when, in 1797,2437:

2425:

2368:" as they behave chemically similar to calcium, an integral component of1574:

1548:

1526:

849:

772:

681:

667:

651:

644:

623:

602:

574:

567:

553:

497:

490:

411:

309:

286:

216:

209:

202:

195:

163:

103:

89:

41:

7529:

6947:

6824:

5696:(1933). "The discovery of the elements. XIX. The radioactive elements".1300:

As with other groups, the members of this family show patterns in their

9213:

9034:

9029:

9024:

9019:

8907:

8898:

8880:

8835:

8763:

8745:

8675:

8621:

8603:

8576:

8549:

8531:

8513:

8423:

8353:

8326:

8290:

8272:

8236:

8227:

8209:

8191:

8090:

8029:

7919:

7874:

7632:

7364:

7052:

5676:

5635:

5534:

The history and use of our earth's chemical elements: a reference guide

4755:

4730:

4425:

4417:

4352:

4256:

4245:

4146:

3245:

that alleged health benefits of radium formerly led to its addition to

3168:

2958:

2904:

2841:

Beryllium occurs in the Earth's crust at a concentration of two to six

2671:

2647:

2553:

2495:

2483:

2336:

2332:

1949:

1822:

1816:

1794:

1475:

1463:

1406:

1377:

1280:

1276:

1215:

1056:

814:

807:

793:

758:

702:

688:

637:

595:

581:

560:

539:

525:

511:

441:

390:

369:

341:

327:

300:

293:

279:

265:

186:

142:

59:

6860:

6679:

The Elements: A Visual Exploration of Every Known Atom in the Universe

5882:

5220:

5171:

4663:"On the position of helium and neon in the Periodic Table of Elements"4184:

does not and can thus be significantly harmed by Sr-90. The effect of

3345:

With carbon, they form acetylides directly. Beryllium forms carbide.

2833:

8799:

8727:

8612:

8540:

8450:

8432:

8398:

8362:

8344:

8173:

8164:

8155:

8047:

8000:

7966:

7948:

7903:

7713:

7686:

6206:

The Merck Index: An Encyclopedia of Chemicals, Drugs, and Biologicals

6013:

Murray, T. (1993). "Elemementary Scots: The Discovery of Strontium".

5717:

4986:

4268:

4264:

4249:

4236:-58 ions; however, no atoms were produced, leading to a limit of 4004193:

4149:, and calcium salts taking a structural role, most notably in bones.3988:

3866:

3223:

3188:

3180:

3176:

3079:

2893:

2874:

2770:

2738:

2511:

2313:

2076:

2037:

1805:

1783:

1618:

1594:

1503:

1479:

1474:. In chemical terms, all of the alkaline earth metals react with the1437:

1417:

1346:

1253:

1245:

1227:

1223:

1137:

1110:

730:

674:

588:

532:

462:

448:

425:

397:

383:

251:

244:

237:

156:

119:

96:

82:

50:

7044:

6400:

6110:

5770:

5374:

Kondev, F. G.; Wang, M.; Huang, W. J.; Naimi, S.; Audi, G. (2021).

5279:

2623:

in England in 1808 using electrolysis of a mixture of magnesia and

9330:

8702:

8407:

8065:

7939:

4255:

The chemistry of element 120 is predicted to be closer to that of

4225:

3149:

3126:

3064:

3035:

To produce barium, barite (impure barium sulfate) is converted to

2978:

2966:

2953:

2866:

2832:

2729:

2560:

2548:

2503:

2491:

2417:

1446:

1426:

1386:

1234:

658:

432:

170:

75:

9049:

7746:

5938:

Lime and Limestone: Chemistry and Technology, Production and Uses

3632:

The table below presents the colors observed when the flame of a

2355:. This thermonuclear rate-limiting bottleneck is the reason most8666:

8639:

8182:

8146:

7984:

6708:. Materials Park, OH: Materials Information Society. p.4.5486:

5462:

4233:

3951:

3145:

3029:

2985:, and soda at high temperatures to form sodium fluoroberyllate,2765:

used electrolysis with molten salts, and Davy named the element

2380:

over time through the emission of ionizing radiation, primarily

2373:

1628:

Solubility-related constants for alkaline-earth-metal fluorides

1613:(magnesium also reacts, but much more slowly), and also undergo1366:

630:

609:

258:

230:

110:

9053:

7750:

7533:

7457:

Wiberg, Egon; Wiberg, Nils; Holleman, Arnold Frederick (2001).

5190:"The Place of Zinc, Cadmium, and Mercury in the Periodic Table"3241:, although this use was stopped after it sickened workers. The2567:

in Egypt. Although it was originally thought that beryl was an

8371:

5088:"Atomic weights of the elements 2009 (IUPAC Technical Report)"5023:"Atomic weights of the elements 2007 (IUPAC Technical Report)"4105:

3171:

from ore. It is a major component of many alloys, especially

3020:

In general, strontium carbonate is extracted from the mineral

2918:

2908:

2698:

discovered ores with distinctive properties, which were named

2222:, and any present are derived from ongoing natural processes.1605:). Calcium, strontium, and barium react with water to produce1562:

404:

7099:"Mass Media & Environmental Conflict– Radium Girls"4854:

Advances in inorganic chemistry and radiochemistry, Volume 14

2510:

in 1790. The last element is the least abundant: radioactive

2120:

Isotopes of all six alkaline earth metals are present in the

7452:. Easton, PA: Journal of Chemical Education. LCCCN 68-15217.4212:

The next alkaline earth metal after radium is thought to be

2892:. Barium is slightly less common, much of it in the mineral2734:

Barite, the material that was first found to contain barium.

2210:. None of the isotopes other than the aforementioned 21 are1459:; thus, the presentation of its properties here is limited.4041:(carbonate rocks). Calcium and magnesium ions are found in3991:, blue. Beryllium hydroxide is an exception as it exhibits3059:, which eventually yields pure barium after reduction with2384:. This property is made use of in a positive manner in the7293:

6410:, Los Alamos National Laboratory. Retrieved on 2009-08-05.3515:

Alkaline earth metals reduce the nonmetal from its oxide.

2195:

years, respectively. Both are far longer than the current

7786:

7126:

Radiation source use and replacement: Abbreviated version

6451:

Kemal, Mevlüt; Arslan, V; Akar, A; Canbazoglu, M (1996).

5968:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

5855:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London

4156:. It and barium have some uses in medicine, for example "2525:

in 1808, whereas beryllium was independently isolated by

7388:

The Chemistry of the Actinide and Transactinide Elements

4982:"Standard Uncertainty and Relative Standard Uncertainty"4837:. trans. rev. Eagleson, Mary. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter.4029:

Ca and Mg are found in nature in many compounds such as

7027:

Terrill, JG Jr.; Ingraham Sc, 2nd; Moeller, DW (1954).

5829:

5827:

5591:

5589:

5439:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from5412:. Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory. Archived from4122:

3767:

Strontium ions precipitate with soluble sulfate salts.

2935:

2556:

is a form of beryl, the principal mineral of beryllium.

6233:

Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements

2611:, that large pure samples of beryllium were produced.2203:. The two isotopes are stable for practical purposes.6140:

Curie, Pierre; Curie, Marie; Bémont, Gustave (1898).

4298:

would suggest that element 170 is a congener of 120,

2781:

isolated pure barium by electrolysis of a mixture of

2749:. Barium oxide was isolated again two years later by7524:

Chemistry: The Molecular Nature of Matter and Change

5081:

5079:

5016:

5014:

4968:

4944:

4932:

4833:

Jakubke, Hans-Dieter; Jeschkeit, Hans, eds. (1994).

4532:"Visual Elements: Group 2–The Alkaline Earth Metals"3885:

Calcium oxide reacts with carbon to form acetylide.

3024:

through two methods: by leaching the celestite with

2466:

became the first to obtain samples of the metals by

2308:

Calcium-48 is the lightest nuclide known to undergo

9760:

9693:

9573:

9530:

9491:

9482:

9407:

9385:

9362:

9329:

9319:

9297:

9227:

9124:

9117:

9108:

9087:

7505:. National Council for Science and the Environment.4562:"Periodic Table: Atomic Properties of the Elements"7445:

7419:

6995:

6683:. New York: Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers.6676:

6610:

6230:

5810:"D'une travail qu'il a entrepris sur le glucinium"5148:Slater, J. C. (1964). "Atomic Radii in Crystals".4852:. In Emeléus, Harry Julius; Sharpe, A. G. (eds.).3822:In laboratory, they are obtained from hydroxides:2250:(radium's longest-lived isotope), 28.90 years for5511:"Lecture 7: Basics of SF Stellar Nucleosynthesis"5376:"The NUBASE2020 evaluation of nuclear properties"4609:

4607:

4605:

4603:

4601:

4599:

4597:

4470:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry3265:Representative reactions of alkaline earth metals6998:Medicinal applications of coordination chemistry6237:. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press.5556:

5554:

3125:have limited this to niche applications. In the3067:, which produces more than 50% of world supply.2416:The alkaline earth metals are named after their6426:. Oxford University Press, USA. pp.115–.4883:. ASM International. pp.99–102, 118–119.2825:, as radium emitted power in the form of rays.6971:"Power Sources for Remote Arctic Applications"6731:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry6704:Baker, Hugh D. R.; Avedesian, Michael (1999).6645:Encyclopedia of materials, parts, and finishes6509:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry6367:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry5537:. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp.65–81.5021:Wieser, Michael E.; Berglund, Michael (2009).4993:National Institute of Standards and Technology4856:. New York: Academic Press. pp.256–277.4806:"Reactions of the Group 2 elements with water"4573:National Institute of Standards and Technology4478:(IUPAC Recommendations 2005). Cambridge (UK):4446:Calcium-48 is theoretically capable of single4244:attempted to create element 120 by bombarding4057:. A more common method is to use ion-exchange3861:The oxides exhibit basic character: they turn3481:Ca Sr and Ba readily react with water to form2323:with a half-life of 1600 years; it along with9065:

7762:

7545:

7508:Maguire, Michael E. "Alkaline Earth Metals".6766:(86thed.). Boca Raton (FL): CRC Press.6328:"Mineral Commodity Summaries 2010: Strontium"5086:Wieser, Michael E.; Coplen, Tyler B. (2011).4065:that trap Ca and Mg and liberate Na instead:1573:The alkaline earth metals all react with the8:

7390:(3rded.). Dordrecht, The Netherlands:7223:"Gas Phase Chemistry of Superheavy Elements"4828:

4826:

4824:

2502:was first discovered in 1618 by a farmer at7083:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (5844:

5842:

4906:"General analytical chemistry of beryllium"4618:(84thed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.4450:, but such process has never been observed.3604:Magnesium reacts with alkyl halides via an3063:. The most important supplier of barium is2993:. A solution of sodium fluoroberyllate and911:

9488:

9326:

9121:

9114:

9072:

9058:

9050:

7769:

7755:

7747:

7569:

7552:

7538:

7530:

3167:in the separation of other metals such as2865:. Common calcium-containing minerals are2301:concentration is also present due to rare1751:

1626:

1287:, the next potential member of the group.7322:"transuranium element (chemical element)"7060:

6994:Jones, Chris J.; Thornback, John (2007).6823:

6360:

6358:

6356:

6354:

6093:

5688:

5686:

5647:

5645:

5606:

5604:

5278:

5248:Kirby, H. W; Salutsky, Murrell L (1964).4754:

4678:

3578:properties. It dissolves in concentrated3202:. Pure strontium is used in the study of3028:, or in a more complicated way involving2817:. Radium was named in 1899 from the word2284:. Strontium-90 and barium-140 are common1248:, these elements have in common an outer7221:Gäggeler, Heinz W. (5–7 November 2007).7129:. National Academies Press. p.24.6944:Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority6582:. Purdue University. 27 September 2005.4910:Chemical analysis of metals: a symposium4420:, and a value in brackets indicates the3638:

3621:Identification of alkaline earth cations2327:, -224, and -228 occur naturally in the1555:is to lose two electrons to form doubly1306:

8869:

7510:Chemistry: Foundations and Applications7160:. McGraw Hill Professional. p.8.6667:

6665:

6396:

6394:

4462:

4332:

4216:, although this may not be true due to3419:Only Be and Mg form nitrides directly.3257:, short half-life alternatives such as2745:, although he was able to isolate only2319:The longest lived isotope of radium is1547:All the alkaline earth metals have two8923:

8752:

8457:

7076:

7002:. Royal Society of Chemistry. p.5435:Richard B. Firestone (15 March 2010).5408:Richard B. Firestone (15 March 2010).4694:Bent Weberg, Libby (18 January 2019).4661:Grochala, Wojciech (1 November 2017).4222:Flerov Laboratory of Nuclear Reactions4188:on bone marrow is also the reason why2961:, colored green with trace amounts of25:

8977:

8941:

8932:

8842:

8824:

8815:

7332:from the original on 30 November 20107315:

7313:

6764:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics5833:

5730:

5595:

5129:from the original on 11 February 20124729:Grandinetti, Felice (23 April 2013).4616:CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics4522:

4520:

4518:

4516:

4514:

4512:

4510:

4508:

4506:

4504:

4416:The element does not have any stable4321:Alkaline earth octacarbonyl complexes2969:which is beryllium aluminum silicate.2646:have been dated to 2,500BCE in7:

8986:

8914:

8887:

8860:

8520:

8502:

8475:

8306:

8297:

6185:from the original on 13 January 20125064:from the original on 2 November 20124999:from the original on 16 October 20114956:

4850:"Beryllium halide and pseudohalides"4710:from the original on 1 February 20203198:is used in the manufacturing of red2242:, nuclides, formed by the impact of9816:

8995:

8968:

8959:

8806:

8788:

8779:

8770:

8556:

8466:

8439:

8387:

8333:

8315:

8279:

8259:

8198:

8135:

8036:

8018:

8007:

7926:

7501:. A. Jorgensen, C. Cleveland, eds.6333:. United States Geological Survey.5568:. United States Geological Survey.4542:from the original on 5 October 20114475:Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry4196:-like symptoms and why donation of3616:RX + Mg → RMgX (in anhydrous ether)2179:and barium-130, with half-lives of1513:in their respective periods of the1075:

1021:

994:

9013:

8950:

8851:

8734:

8716:

8691:

8682:

8655:

8628:

8583:

8565:

8493:

8484:

8378:

8250:

8216:

8126:

8108:

8099:

8079:

8054:

4969:Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 20014945:Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 20014933:Wiberg, Wiberg & Holleman 20014880:Beryllium chemistry and processing4359:. This uncertainty applies to the3791:Compounds of alkaline earth metals2907:, is found in all uranium-bearing2579:from beryl in an alkali. In 1828,1754:Key physical and atomic properties1264:of +2. Helium is grouped with the14:

8905:

8896:

8878:

8833:

8743:

8673:

8646:

8619:

8601:

8592:

8574:

8547:

8529:

8511:

8421:

8351:

8324:

8288:

8234:

8225:

8207:

8189:

8117:

8088:

8027:

7973:

7955:

7917:

7890:

7422:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics7154:Bentel, Gunilla Carleson (1996).6420:Malley, Marjorie C (2011-08-25).5771:"Ueber das Beryllium und Yttrium"5743:Vauquelin, Louis-Nicolas (1798).4785:from the original on 9 March 20074271:. This noticeably contrasts with2424:, whose old-fashioned names were1525:configuration by losing just two1478:to form the alkaline earth metal1239:standard temperature and pressure1048:

9815:

9804:

9803:

8797:

8761:

8725:

8610:

8538:

8448:

8430:

8360:

8342:

8270:

8171:

8162:

8153:

7998:

7901:

7526:(3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, 2009)7174:from the original on 2015-09-05.7143:from the original on 2015-09-05.6983:from the original on 2022-10-09.6586:from the original on 27 May 20126496:from the original on 2012-07-07.6471:from the original on 2016-04-27.6440:from the original on 2015-09-05.6082:Annalen der Chemie und Pharmacie6066:from the original on 2015-09-30.6002:from the original on 2015-09-30.5897:from the original on 2015-09-30.5820:from the original on 2016-05-22.5755:from the original on 2016-04-27.4877:Walsh, Kenneth A. (2009-08-01).4109:

3288:Anhydrous calcium chloride is a3234:industry, and other industries.3206:release in neurons. Radioactive2922:

2837:Series of alkaline earth metals.2714:by electrolysis of a mixture of2619:Magnesium was first produced by2305:in naturally occurring uranium.2220:collisions between neutron stars2028:

1984:

1131:

1129:

1104:

1102:

1077:

1050:

1023:

996:

8700:

8405:

8396:

8063:

8045:

7964:

7946:

7492:Group 2 – Alkaline Earth Metals7444:; Leichester, Henry M. (1968).7392:Springer Science+Business Media6340:from the original on 2010-07-166156:from the original on 2009-08-065575:from the original on 2011-11-124700:Chemical & Engineering News4582:from the original on 2012-08-094102:Biological role and precautions2757:noticed a heavy mineral in the2706:, a chemistry professor at the1577:to form ionic halides, such as9134:1 (Hydrogen and alkali metals)8664:

8637:

8180:

8144:

7982:

7937:

6816:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2006.09.0196706:Magnesium and magnesium alloys6617:. ASM International. pp.4908:. In Coyle, Francis T. (ed.).4835:Concise Encyclopedia Chemistry4538:. Royal Society of Chemistry.2965:, is a variety of the mineral1517:because of their somewhat low1:

9676:Thermal expansion coefficient9372:Lists of metalloids by source8369:

6517:10.1002/14356007.a04_011.pub26375:10.1002/14356007.a03_325.pub26303:. WebElements. Archived from6269:. WebElements. Archived from6115:Journal für Praktische Chemie5935:Oates, J. A. H (2008-07-01).5914:. Bloomsbury USA. p.4.5698:Journal of Chemical Education5657:Journal of Chemical Education5616:Journal of Chemical Education5351:"Nuclear Data for Safeguards"5197:Journal of Chemical Education2753:. Later in the 18th century,2448:is attributed to the chemist7426:(84thed.). CRC Press.7230:Lecture Course Texas A&M5410:"Isotopes of Calcium (Z=20)"5251:The Radiochemistry of Radium4804:Clark, Jim (December 2021).4779:"Abundance in Earth's Crust"4200:can increase survivability.3360:+ CO (at 2500 °C in furnace)3082:in some semiconductors, and2455:Traité Élémentaire de Chimie1757:of the alkaline earth metals1593:), as well as reacting with1521:and the ability to attain a1170:element by radioactive decay9415:Platinum-group metals (PGM)9118:By periodic table structure6299:The University of Sheffield6293:"Abundance in stream water"6265:The University of Sheffield6179:Online Etymology Dictionary5911:Lime Kilns and Lime Burning5437:"Isotopes of Barium (Z=56)"5267:European Physical Journal A5254:. National Academies Press.5151:Journal of Chemical Physics3599:Reaction with alkyl halides3510:Reaction with acidic oxides3086:is used as a high-strength2662:by preparing it from lime.2514:, which was extracted from2347:whenever it is formed. The1643:" unit hydration (-MJ/mol)1484:ionic crystalline compounds9871:

9560:Goldschmidt classification8268:

8097:

8016:

7935:

7899:

7801:

7494:, Royal Chemistry Society.7320:Seaborg, G. T. (c. 2006).7280:10.1103/PhysRevC.79.0246037157:Radiation therapy planning6457:. CRC Press. p.401.6027:10.1177/0036933093038006115908:Williams, Richard (2004).5814:Journal de Chimie Médicale5297:10.1140/epja/i2019-12823-24904:Hertz, Raymond K. (1987).4528:Royal Society of Chemistry3261:are usually used instead.2815:French Academy of Sciences2303:spontaneous fission decays324:

192:

132:

72:

47:

18:

16:Group of chemical elements9798:

9139:2 (Alkaline earth metals)9011:

8711:

8416:

8245:

8074:

7993:

7912:

7885:

7878:

7873:

7868:

7863:

7858:

7853:

7848:

7843:

7838:

7833:

7828:

7823:

7818:

7813:

7808:

7803:

7796:

7791:

7784:

7703:Specific mass: 3.594 g/cm7622:Specific mass: 1.738 g/cm7567:

7497:Hogan, C. Michael. 2010.7448:Discovery of the Elements6904:10.1152/jn.2001.85.6.23246762:Lide, D. R., ed. (2005).6648:. CRC Press. p.62.6642:Schwartz, Mel M. (2002).6605:Davis, Joseph R. (1998).5205:American Chemical Society4680:10.1007/s10698-017-9302-74634:Chemistry of the Elements4632:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).4614:Lide, D. R., ed. (2003).2678:on a mixture of lime and1862:

1519:effective nuclear charges1151:

979:

910:

35:

28:

7726:Melting Point: 973.15 K7699:Melting Point: 1002.15 K7676:Specific mass: 2.64 g/cm7672:Melting Point: 1042.15 K7649:Specific mass: 1.54 g/cm7645:Melting Point: 1112.15 K7595:Specific mass: 1.85 g/cm7591:Melting Point: 1560.15 K7589:Atomic Weight: 9.0121826739:10.1002/14356007.a15_5596127:10.1002/prac.185606701946095:10.1002/jlac.185509303016015:Scottish Medical Journal5795:10.1002/andp.182808908055531:Robert E. Krebs (2006).5395:10.1088/1674-1137/abddae5112:10.1351/PAC-REP-10-09-145047:10.1351/PAC-REP-09-08-034935:, pp.XXXVI–XXXVII.4912:. ASTM. pp.74–75.4667:Foundations of Chemistry4361:least significant figure4190:acute radiation syndrome2658:were known to have used2359:spend billions of years2264:and have extremely long2156:, -86, -87, -88; barium-1302:electronic configuration899:

19:Not to be confused with9848:Groups (periodic table)9778:systematic element name9750:in East Asian languages9100:Extended periodic table7730:Specific mass: 5.5 g/cm7705:Electronegativity: 0.897697:Atomic Weight: 137.3277678:Electronegativity: 0.957624:Electronegativity: 1.317618:Melting Point: 923.15 K7616:Atomic Weight: 24.30507597:Electronegativity: 1.577418:Lide, David R. (2004).7353:Theoretica Chimica Acta7326:Encyclopædia Britannica6796:Atmospheric Environment6551:High-power diode lasers6301:and WebElements Ltd, UK6267:and WebElements Ltd, UK5808:Bussy, Antoine (1828).5563:"Commodity report:Lime"4731:"Neon behind the signs"4357:measurement uncertainty4164:. Excessive amounts of3105:, the reaction used by2801:, on 21 December 1898,2573:Louis-Nicolas Vauquelin2173:primordial radionuclide1636:M hydration (-MJ/mol)1597:to form oxides such as1569:Compounds and reactions9621:Electron configuration9611:Electrical resistivity9550:Electron configuration9354:Post-transition metals7732:Electronegativity: 0.97728:Boiling Point: 2010 K7643:Atomic Weight: 40.0786548:Diehl, Roland (2000).6056:Davy, Humphry (1808).5988:10.1098/rstl.1808.00235875:10.1098/rstl.1808.00234696:""The" periodic table"3454:Reaction with hydrogen3414:Reaction with nitrogen3271:Reaction with halogens3111:discovered the neutron3098:that use the reaction3041:carbothermic reduction2970:

2838:

2735:

2557:

2541:also by electrolysis.2482:The calcium compounds2397:even number of protons2297:fuel, and a minuscule2201:formation of the Earth1617:reactions to exchange1442:2, 8, 18, 32, 18, 8, 21328:Electron configuration1323:No. of electrons/shell938:alkaline earth metals9843:Alkaline earth metals9455:Transuranium elements7701:Boiling Point: 2170 K7674:Boiling Point: 1655 K7670:Atomic Weight: 87.627647:Boiling Point: 1757 K7620:Boiling Point: 1363 K7593:Boiling Point: 2742 K7561:Alkaline earth metals7503:Encyclopedia of Earth7033:Public Health Reports6259:"Abundance in oceans"6229:Emsley, John (2001).4638:Butterworth-Heinemann4630:Greenwood, Norman N.4424:of the longest-lived3230:has many uses in the3163:Calcium is used as a3001:is then used to form2983:sodium fluorosilicate2957:

2836:

2733:

2708:University of Glasgow2682:, after hearing that2552:

2472:alkaline earth metals2460:Elements of Chemistry1763:Alkaline earth metal1609:and their respective1192:alkaline earth metals965:(Europe, pattern A-B)30:Alkaline earth metals9671:Thermal conductivity9646:Heat of vaporization9088:Periodic table forms7651:Electronegativity: 16554:. Springer. p.5561:Miller, M. Michael.5491:www.wolframalpha.com5467:www.wolframalpha.com4848:Bell, N. A. (1972).4351:The number given in4300:relativistic effects4218:relativistic effects4178:biological half life3532:solid carbon dioxide3340:Reaction with carbon3324:Reaction with sulfur3301:Reaction with oxygen3218:. Barium is used in3214:, which utilize its3131:molten salt reactors3088:electrical insulator3051:. These in turn are2779:Augustus Matthiessen2684:Jöns Jakob Berzelius2539:André-Louis Debierne2349:triple alpha process2262:double beta emission1653:Solubility (mol/kL)1176:Atomic number color:9703:Element discoveries9460:Superheavy elements9420:Rare-earth elements7460:Inorganic chemistry7272:2009PhRvC..79b4603O7239:on 20 February 20126853:1966Natur.212.1233M6808:2007AtmEn..41..913M5980:1808RSPT...98..333D5867:1808RSPT...98..333D5787:1828AnP....89..577W5710:1933JChEd..10...79W5669:1932JChEd...9.1386W5628:1932JChEd...9.1046W5518:www2.mpia-hd.mpg.de5289:2019EPJA...55..140B5213:2003JChEd..80..952J5164:1964JChPh..41.3199S4781:. WebElements.com.4747:2013NatCh...5..438G4496:Electronic version.4283:and decreasing the4176:with a significant4063:ion-exchange resins3569:Reaction with bases3540:Reaction with acids3489:gas. Be and Mg are3476:Reaction with water3196:Strontium carbonate3003:beryllium hydroxide2751:Johan Gottlieb Gahn2704:Thomas Charles Hope2694:In 1790, physician2644:kilns used for lime2357:main sequence stars2299:secular equilibrium2197:age of the universe1759:

1748:Physical and atomic1629:

1511:ionization energies1482:, all of which are949:(US, pattern A-B-A)7722:Atomic Number: 887695:Atomic Number: 567668:Atomic Number: 387641:Atomic Number: 207614:Atomic Number: 127573:7522:Silberberg, M.S.,7463:. Academic Press.7442:Weeks, Mary Elvira7365:10.1007/BF011720157208:www.askiitians.com6406:2012-11-15 at the5775:Annalen der Physik5694:Weeks, Mary Elvira5677:10.1021/ed009p13865653:Weeks, Mary Elvira5636:10.1021/ed009p10465612:Weeks, Mary Elvira5273:(8): 140–1–140–7.5186:Jensen, William B.4756:10.1038/nchem.16314575:. September 2010.4340:Noble gas notation4186:ionizing radiation4121:. You can help by3818:(at approx. 900°C)3700:Disodium phosphate3606:insertion reaction3210:finds some use in3156:for production of3015:beryllium chloride3011:beryllium fluoride2971:

2934:. You can help by2839:

2736:

2716:strontium chloride2605:beryllium fluoride2589:beryllium chloride2577:aluminum hydroxide2558:

2316:(barium sulfate).2270:isotopes of radium2148:, -42, -43, -44, -1752:

1650:lattice (-MJ/mol)1627:

1542:beryllium fluoride1488:beryllium chloride1422:2, 8, 18, 18, 8, 21163:primordial element916:IUPAC group number9830:

9829:

9689:

9688:

9651:Ionization energy9626:Electronegativity9616:Electron affinity9555:Electronegativity9545:Crystal structure9540:Aqueous chemistry9517:Nuclear stability9512:Atomic properties9478:

9477:

9425:Refractory metals9403:

9402:

9349:Transition metals9315:

9314:

9047:

9046:

9040:

9039:

9006:

9005:

7744:

7743:

7739:

7738:

7733:

7706:

7679:

7652:

7625:

7598:

7587:Atomic Number: 47470:978-0-12-352651-97433:978-0-8493-0566-57401:978-1-4020-3555-57190:www.docbrown.info7167:978-0-07-005115-77136:978-0-309-11014-37013:978-0-85404-596-96861:10.1038/2121233a06690:978-1-57912-814-26628:978-0-87170-654-66433:978-0-19-983178-45948:978-3-527-61201-75921:978-0-7478-0596-05849:Davy, H. (1808).5767:Wöhler, Friedrich5749:Annales de Chimie5383:Chinese Physics C5221:10.1021/ed080p9525172:10.1063/1.17256975158:(10): 3199–3205.4919:978-0-8031-0942-14890:978-0-87170-721-54863:978-0-12-023614-54673:(2018): 191–207.4647:978-0-08-037941-84327:Explanatory notes4281:ionization energy4139:

4138:

4047:calcium hydroxide3685:

3684:

3610:Grignard reagents3226:to remove gases.3129:eutectic used in3115:neutron moderator2977:, done by mixing2952:

2951:

2843:parts per million2787:ammonium chloride2755:William Withering2569:aluminum silicate2565:Ptolemaic Kingdom2500:magnesium sulfate2450:Antoine Lavoisier2310:double beta decay2162:double-beta decay2116:Nuclear stability2113:

2112:

1842:ionization energy1830:Electronegativity1742:

1741:

1492:beryllium bromide1453:

1452:

1196:chemical elements1188:

1187:

1184:

1183:

1147:

1120:

1093:

1066:

1039:

1012:

985:

974:

973:

966:

950:

892:

891:

618:Mercury (element)9860:

9819:

9818:

9807:

9806:

9790:Dmitri Mendeleev9718:1869 predictions9708:Dmitri Mendeleev9489:

9327:

9307:Aufbau principle9219:18 (Noble gases)9122:

9115:

9110:Sets of elements9074:

9067:

9060:

9051:

9016:

9015:

9002:

9000:

8993:

8991:

8984:

8982:

8975:

8973:

8966:

8964:

8957:

8955:

8948:

8946:

8939:

8937:

8930:

8928:

8921:

8919:

8912:

8910:

8903:

8901:

8894:

8892:

8885:

8883:

8876:

8874:

8867:

8865:

8858:

8856:

8849:

8847:

8840:

8838:

8831:

8829:

8822:

8820:

8813:

8811:

8804:

8802:

8795:

8793:

8786:

8784:

8777:

8775:

8768:

8766:

8759:

8757:

8750:

8748:

8741:

8739:

8732:

8730:

8723:

8721:

8707:

8705:

8698:

8696:

8689:

8687:

8680:

8678:

8671:

8669:

8662:

8660:

8653:

8651:

8644:

8642:

8635:

8633:

8626:

8624:

8617:

8615:

8608:

8606:

8599:

8597:

8590:

8588:

8581:

8579:

8572:

8570:

8563:

8561:

8554:

8552:

8545:

8543:

8536:

8534:

8527:

8525:

8518:

8516:

8509:

8507:

8500:

8498:

8491:

8489:

8482:

8480:

8473:

8471:

8464:

8462:

8455:

8453:

8446:

8444:

8437:

8435:

8428:

8426:

8412:

8410:

8403:

8401:

8394:

8392:

8385:

8383:

8376:

8374:

8367:

8365:

8358:

8356:

8349:

8347:

8340:

8338:

8331:

8329:

8322:

8320:

8313:

8311:

8304:

8302:

8295:

8293:

8286:

8284:

8277:

8275:

8266:

8264:

8257:

8255:

8241:

8239:

8232:

8230:

8223:

8221:

8214:

8212:

8205:

8203:

8196:

8194:

8187:

8185:

8178:

8176:

8169:

8167:

8160:

8158:

8151:

8149:

8142:

8140:

8133:

8131:

8124:

8122:

8115:

8113:

8106:

8104:

8095:

8093:

8086:

8084:

8070:

8068:

8061:

8059:

8052:

8050:

8043:

8041:

8034:

8032:

8025:

8023:

8014:

8012:

8005:

8003:

7989:

7987:

7980:

7978:

7971:

7969:

7962:

7960:

7953:

7951:

7944:

7942:

7933:

7931:

7924:

7922:

7908:

7906:

7897:

7895:

7787:

7771:

7764:

7757:

7748:

7724:Atomic Weight:7721:

7694:

7667:

7640:

7613:

7586:

7570:

7554:

7547:

7540:

7531:

7481:

7479:

7477:

7453:

7451:

7437:

7425:

7406:

7405:

7383:

7377:

7376:

7348:

7342:

7341:

7339:

7337:

7317:

7308:

7307:

7305:

7304:

7290:

7284:

7283:

7255:

7249:

7248:

7246:

7244:

7238:

7232:. Archived from7227:

7218:

7212:

7211:

7200:

7194:

7193:

7182:

7176:

7175:

7151:

7145:

7144:

7120:

7114:

7113:

7111:

7110:

7101:. Archived from7095:

7089:

7088:

7082:

7074:

7064:

7024:

7018:

7017:

7001:

6991:

6985:

6984:

6982:

6975:

6967:

6961:

6960:

6959:

6958:

6952:

6946:, archived from6941:

6930:

6924:

6923:

6887:

6881:

6880:

6847:(5067): 1233–4.6836:

6830:

6829:

6827:

6793:

6784:

6778:

6777:

6759:

6753:

6752:

6726:

6720:

6719:

6701:

6695:

6694:

6682:

6669:

6660:

6659:

6639:

6633:

6632:

6616:

6602:

6596:

6595:

6593:

6591:

6576:

6570:

6569:

6545:

6539:

6538:

6504:

6498:

6497:

6495:

6488:

6479:

6473:

6472:

6448:

6442:

6441:

6417:

6411:

6398:

6389:

6388:

6362:

6349:

6348:

6346:

6345:

6339:

6332:

6323:

6317:

6316:

6314:

6312:

6307:on 4 August 20116289:

6283:

6282:

6280:

6278:

6273:on 5 August 20116255:

6249:

6248:

6236:

6226:

6220:

6219:

6201:

6195:

6194:

6192:

6190:

6171:

6165:

6164:

6162:

6161:

6137:

6131:

6130:

6106:

6100:

6099:

6097:

6088:(3): fmi. 1855.6074:

6068:

6067:

6053:

6047:

6046:

6010:

6004:

6003:

5959:

5953:

5952:

5932:

5926:

5925:

5905:

5899:

5898:

5846:

5837:

5831:

5822:

5821:

5805:

5799:

5798:

5763:

5757:

5756:

5740:

5734:

5728:

5722:

5721:

5718:10.1021/ed010p795690:

5681:

5680:

5649:

5640:

5639:

5608:

5599:

5593:

5584:

5583:

5581:

5580:

5574:

5567:

5558:

5549:

5548:

5528:

5522:

5521:

5515:

5507:

5501:

5500:

5498:

5497:

5483:

5477:

5476:

5474:

5473:

5459:

5453:

5452:

5450:

5448:

5432:

5426:

5425:

5423:

5421:

5405:

5399:

5398:

5380:

5371:

5365:

5364:

5362:

5361:

5355:www-nds.iaea.org5347:

5341:

5340:

5338:

5337:

5323:

5317:

5316:

5282:

5262:

5256:

5255:

5245:

5239:

5238:

5236:

5235:

5229:

5223:. Archived from5194:

5182:

5176:

5175:

5145:

5139:

5138:

5136:

5134:

5128:

5096:Pure Appl. Chem.5092:

5083:

5074:

5073:

5071:

5069:

5063:

5031:Pure Appl. Chem.5027:

5018:

5009:

5008:

5006:

5004:

4978:

4972:

4966:

4960:

4959:, p.12-23.4954:

4948:

4947:, p.XXXVI.4942:

4936:

4930:

4924:

4923:

4901:

4895:

4894:

4874:

4868:

4867:

4845:

4839:

4838:

4830:

4819:

4818:

4813:

4812:

4801:

4795:

4794:

4792:

4790:

4775:

4769:

4768:

4758:

4735:Nature Chemistry4726:

4720:

4719:

4717:

4715:

4691:

4685:

4684:

4682:

4658:

4652:

4651:

4636:(2nded.).4626:

4620:

4619:

4611:

4592:

4591:

4589:

4587:

4581:

4566:

4558:

4552:

4551:

4549:

4547:

4524:

4499:

4467:

4451:

4444:

4438:

4435:

4429:

4414:

4408:

4406:

4405:

4401:

4398:

4392:

4390:

4384:

4383:

4379:

4376:

4370:

4368:

4349:

4343:

4337:

4296:Aufbau principle4134:

4131:

4113:

4106:

4059:aluminosilicates4055:sodium phosphate4051:sodium carbonate3893:+ CO (at 2500°C)3639:

3580:sodium hydroxide3556:Be + 2HCl → BeCl3546:Mg + 2HCl → MgCl3243:nuclear quackery3204:neurotransmitter3123:nuclear graphite3104:

3101:

3026:sodium carbonate2995:sodium hydroxide2947:

2944:

2926:

2919:

2899:Radium, being a2811:barium compounds2603:of a mixture of2581:Friedrich Wöhler2527:Friedrich Wöhler2286:fission products2194:

2192:

2186:

2184:

2032:

1988:

1760:

1758:

1755:

1630:

1604:

1592:

1591:

1590:

1579:calcium chloride1523:full outer shell1496:beryllium iodide1307:

1180:

1159:

1158:

1146:

1144:

1135:

1119:

1117:

1108:

1092:

1090:

1081:

1065:

1063:

1054:

1038:

1036:

1027:

1011:

1009:

1000:

981:

964:

961:old IUPAC number948:

945:CAS group number930:

912:

901:

887:

880:

873:

866:

859:

852:

845:

838:

831:

824:

817:

810:

803:

796:

789:

782:

775:

768:

761:

754:

747:

740:

733:

726:

719:

712:

705:

698:

691:

684:

677:

670:

661:

654:

647:

640:

633:

626:

619:

612:

605:

598:

591:

584:

577:

570:

563:

556:

549:

542:

535:

528:

521:

514:

507:

500:

493:

486:

479:

472:

465:

458:

451:

444:

435:

428:

421:

414:

407:

400:

393:

386:

379:

372:

365:

358:

351:

344:

337:

330:

319:

312:

303:

296:

289:

282:

275:

268:

261:

254:

247:

240:

233:

226:

219:

212:

205:

198:

189:

182:

173:

166:

159:

152:

145:

138:

129:

122:

113:

106:

99:

92:

85:

78:

69:

62:

53:

44:

38:

37:

31:

26:

9870:

9869:

9863:

9862:

9861:

9859:

9858:

9857:

9833:

9832:

9831:

9826:

9794:

9756:

9685:

9661:Oxidation state9569:

9526:

9474:

9470:Minor actinides9465:Major actinides9430:Precious metals9399:

9381:

9358:

9311:

9293:

9223:

9209:16 (Chalcogens)9204:15 (Pnictogens)9104:

9083:

9078:

9048:

9043:

9042:

9041:

9007:

8998:

8996:

8989:

8987:

8980:

8978:

8971:

8969:

8962:

8960:

8953:

8951:

8944:

8942:

8935:

8933:

8926:

8924:

8917:

8915:

8908:

8906:

8899:

8897:

8890:

8888:

8881:

8879:

8872:

8870:

8863:

8861:

8854:

8852:

8845:

8843:

8836:

8834:

8827:

8825:

8818:

8816:

8809:

8807:

8800:

8798:

8791:

8789:

8782:

8780:

8773:

8771:

8764:

8762:

8755:

8753:

8746:

8744:

8737:

8735:

8728:

8726:

8719:

8717:

8703:

8701:

8694:

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8685:

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8676:

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8667:

8665:

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8611:

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8559:

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8532:

8530:

8523:

8521:

8514:

8512:

8505:

8503:

8496:

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8487:

8485:

8478:

8476:

8469:

8467:

8460:

8458:

8451:

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8440:

8433:

8431:

8424:

8422:

8408:

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8399:

8397:

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8379:

8372:

8370:

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8336:

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8325:

8318:

8316:

8309:

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8300:

8298:

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8280:

8273:

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8262:

8260:

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8219:

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8210:

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8183:

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8174:

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8091:

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8080:

8066:

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8048:

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8039:

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8021:

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8008:

8001:

7999:

7985:

7983:

7976:

7974:

7967:

7965:

7958:

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7949:

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7940:

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7929:

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7904:

7902:

7893:

7891:

7780:

7775:

7745:

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7727:

7725:

7723:

7720:

7716:

7708:

7704:

7702:

7700:

7698:

7696:

7693:

7689:

7681:

7677:

7675:

7673:

7671:

7669:

7666:

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7654:

7650:

7648:

7646:

7644:

7642:

7639:

7635:

7627:

7623:

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7617:

7615:

7612:

7608:

7600:

7596:

7594:

7592:

7590:

7588:

7585:

7581:

7563:

7558:

7488:

7486:Further reading7475:

7473:

7471:

7456:

7440:

7434:

7417:

7414:

7409:

7402:

7385:

7384:

7380:

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7311:

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7300:

7292:

7291:

7287:

7257:

7256:

7252:

7242:

7240:

7236:

7225:

7220:

7219:

7215:

7202:

7201:

7197:

7184:

7183:

7179:

7168:

7153:

7152:

7148:

7137:

7122:

7121:

7117:

7108:

7106:

7097:

7096:

7092:

7075:

7045:10.2307/45887367026:

7025:

7021:

7014:

6993:

6992:

6988:

6980:

6973:

6969:

6968:

6964:

6956:

6954:

6950:

6939:

6932:

6931:

6927:

6892:J. Neurophysiol6889:

6888:

6884:

6838:

6837:

6833:

6791:

6786:

6785:

6781:

6774:

6761:

6760:

6756:

6749:

6728:

6727:

6723:

6716:

6703:

6702:

6698:

6691:

6671:

6670:

6663:

6656:

6641:

6640:

6636:

6629:

6613:Metals handbook6604:

6603:

6599:

6589:

6587:

6578:

6577:

6573:

6566:

6547:

6546:

6542:

6527:

6506:

6505:

6501:

6493:

6486:

6481:

6480:

6476:

6465:

6450:

6449:

6445:

6434:

6419:

6418:

6414:

6408:Wayback Machine6399:

6392:

6385:

6364:

6363:

6352:

6343:

6341:

6337:

6330:

6326:Ober, Joyce A.6325:

6324:

6320:

6310:

6308:

6291:

6290:

6286:

6276:

6274:

6257:

6256:

6252:

6245:

6228:

6227:

6223:

6216:

6203:

6202:

6198:

6188:

6186:

6173:

6172:

6168:

6159:

6157:

6139:

6138:

6134:

6108:

6107:

6103:

6076:

6075:

6071:

6055:

6054:

6050:

6012:

6011:

6007:

5962:Davy H (1808).5961:

5960:

5956:

5949:

5934:

5933:

5929:

5922:

5907:

5906:

5902:

5848:

5847:

5840:

5832:

5825:

5807:

5806:

5802:

5765:

5764:

5760:

5751:(26): 155–169.5742:

5741:

5737:

5729:

5725:

5692:

5691:

5684:

5651:

5650:

5643:

5610:

5609:

5602:

5594:

5587:

5578:

5576:

5572:

5565:

5560:

5559:

5552:

5545:

5530:

5529:

5525:

5513:

5509:

5508:

5504:

5495:

5493:

5485:

5484:

5480:

5471:

5469:

5461:

5460:

5456:

5446:

5444:

5434:

5433:

5429:

5419:

5417:

5407:

5406:

5402:

5378:

5373:

5372:

5368:

5359:

5357:

5349:

5348:

5344:

5335:

5333:

5331:sites.wustl.edu5325:

5324:

5320:

5264:

5263:

5259:

5247:

5246:

5242:

5233:

5231:

5227:

5192:

5184:

5183:

5179:

5147:

5146:

5142:

5132:

5130:

5126:

5090:

5085:

5084:

5077:

5067:

5065:

5061:

5025:

5020:

5019:

5012:

5002:

5000:

4980:

4979:

4975:

4971:, p.1073.4967:

4963:

4955:

4951:

4943:

4939:

4931:

4927:

4920:

4903:

4902:

4898:

4891:

4876:

4875:

4871:

4864:

4847:

4846:

4842:

4832:

4831:

4822:

4810:

4808:

4803:

4802:

4798:

4788:

4786:

4777:

4776:

4772:

4728:

4727:

4723:

4713:

4711:

4693:

4692:

4688:

4660:

4659:

4655:

4648:

4628:

4627:

4623:

4613:

4612:

4595:

4585:

4583:

4579:

4564:

4560:

4559:

4555:

4545:

4543:

4536:Visual Elements4526:

4525:

4502:

4494:. pp.51.4468:

4464:

4460:

4455:

4454:

4445:

4441:

4436:

4432:

4428:of the element.4415:

4411:

4403:

4399:

4396:

4394:

4388:

4386:

4381:

4377:

4374:

4372:

4366:

4364:

4350:

4346:

4338:

4334:

4329:

4317:

4273:periodic trends4210:

4198:red blood cells4174:bio-accumulates4135:

4129:

4126:

4119:needs expansion4104:

4096:

4092:

4088:

4084:

4080:

4076:

4072:

4017:

4010:

4006:

4002:

3985:phenolphthalein3972:

3968:

3964:

3960:

3949:

3945:

3941:

3937:

3930:

3926:

3922:

3918:

3914:

3907:

3903:

3899:

3892:

3880:

3876:

3863:phenolphthalein3857:

3853:

3849:

3845:

3833:

3829:

3817:

3813:

3793:

3782:

3778:

3774:

3758:

3754:

3750:

3746:

3742:

3725:

3721:

3717:

3713:

3709:

3623:

3593:

3589:

3563:

3559:

3553:

3549:

3530:→ 2MgO + C (in3529:

3522:

3504:

3500:

3470:

3466:

3448:

3444:

3440:

3434:

3430:

3426:

3408:

3404:

3400:

3396:

3392:

3388:

3382:

3378:

3374:

3370:

3366:

3359:

3352:

3333:

3317:

3310:

3284:

3280:

3267:

3239:luminous paints3102:

3099:

3096:neutron sources3084:beryllium oxide3073:

2991:silicon dioxide2948:

2942:

2939:

2932:needs expansion2917:

2831:

2797:While studying2795:

2783:barium chloride2728:

2692:

2664:Calcium sulfate2637:

2617:

2609:sodium fluoride2547:

2480:

2422:alkaline earths2414:

2409:

2401:nucleon pairing2382:alpha particles2361:fusing hydrogen2345:alpha particles2190:

2188:

2182:

2180:

2118:

1942:Brilliant-white1855:

1853:Covalent radius1844:

1832:

1825:

1814:

1803:

1792:

1781:

1770:

1756:

1753:

1750:

1745:

1649:

1642:

1615:transmetalation1602:

1599:strontium oxide1589:

1586:

1585:

1584:

1582:

1571:

1538:orbital overlap1298:

1293:

1291:Characteristics1262:oxidation state1178:

1177:

1152:

1142:

1141:

1136:

1115:

1114:

1109:

1088:

1087:

1082:

1061:

1060:

1055:

1034:

1033:

1028:

1007:

1006:

1001:

975:

967:

963:

951:

947:

929:beryllium group928:

925:Name by element906:

893:

885:

878:

871:

864:

857:

850:

843:

836:

829:

822:

815:

808:

801:

794:

787:

780:

773:

766:

759:

752:

745:

738:

731:

724:

717:

710:

703:

696:

689:

682:

675:

668:

659:

652:

645:

638:

631:

624:

617:

610:

603:

596:

589:

582:

575:

568:

561:

554:

547:

540:

533:

526:

519:

512:

505:

498:

491:

484:

477:

470:

463:

456:

449:

442:

433:

426:

419:

412:

405:

398:

391:

384:

377:

370:

363:

356:

349:

342:

335:

328:

317:

310:

301:

294:

287:

280:

273:

266:

259:

252:

245:

238:

231:

224:

217:

210:

203:

196:

187:

180:

171:

164:

157:

150:

143:

136:

127:

120:

111:

104:

97:

90:

83:

76:

67:

60:

51:

42:

29:

24:

17:

12:

11:

5:

9868:

9867:

9864:

9856:

9855:

9853:Periodic table9850:

9845:

9835:

9834:

9828:

9827:

9825:

9824:

9812:

9799:

9796:

9795:

9793:

9792:

9787:

9782:

9781:

9780:

9775:

9764:

9762:

9758:

9757:

9755:

9754:

9753:

9752:

9747:

9742:

9737:

9732:

9722:

9721:

9720:

9715:

9710:

9699:

9697:

9691:

9690:

9687:

9686:

9684:

9683:

9681:Vapor pressure9678:

9673:

9668:

9666:Speed of sound9663:

9658:

9653:

9648:

9643:

9641:Heat of fusion9638:

9633:

9628:

9623:

9618:

9613:

9608:

9603:

9598:

9596:Critical point9593:

9588:

9583:

9577:

9575:

9571:

9570:

9568:

9567:

9562:

9557:

9552:

9547:

9542:

9536:

9534:

9528:

9527:

9525:

9524:

9519:

9514:

9509:

9497:

9495:

9486:

9480:

9479:

9476:

9475:

9473:

9472:

9467:

9462:

9457:

9452:

9447:

9442:

9437:

9435:Coinage metals9432:

9427:

9422:

9417:

9411:

9409:

9405:

9404:

9401:

9400:

9398:

9397:

9391:

9389:

9383:

9382:

9380:

9379:

9374:

9368:

9366:

9360:

9359:

9357:

9356:

9351:

9346:

9341:

9335:

9333:

9324:

9317:

9316:

9313:

9312:

9310:

9309:

9303:

9301:

9295:

9294:

9292:

9291:

9290:

9289:

9284:

9279:

9269:

9264:

9259:

9254:

9249:

9244:

9239:

9233:

9231:

9225:

9224:

9222:

9221:

9216:

9211:

9206:

9201:

9196:

9191:

9186:

9181:

9176:

9171:

9166:

9161:

9156:

9151:

9146:

9141:

9136:

9130:

9128:

9119:

9112:

9106:

9105:

9103:

9102:

9097:

9091:

9089:

9085:

9084:

9081:Periodic table9079:

9077:

9076:

9069:

9062:

9054:

9045:

9044:

9038:

9037:

9032:

9027:

9022:

9014:

9012:

9009:

9008:

9004:

9003:

8994:

8985:

8976:

8967:

8958:

8949:

8940:

8931:

8922:

8913:

8904:

8895:

8886:

8877:

8868:

8859:

8850:

8841:

8832:

8823:

8814:

8805:

8796:

8787:

8778:

8769:

8760:

8751:

8742:

8733:

8724:

8715:

8709:

8708:

8699:

8690:

8681:

8672:

8663:

8654:

8645:

8636:

8627:

8618:

8609:

8600:

8591:

8582:

8573:

8564:

8555:

8546:

8537:

8528:

8519:

8510:

8501:

8492:

8483:

8474:

8465:

8456:

8447:

8438:

8429:

8420:

8414:

8413:

8404:

8395:

8386:

8377:

8368:

8359:

8350:

8341:

8332:

8323:

8314:

8305:

8296:

8287:

8278:

8269:

8267:

8258:

8249:

8243:

8242:

8233:

8224:

8215:

8206:

8197:

8188:

8179:

8170:

8161:

8152:

8143:

8134:

8125:

8116:

8107:

8098:

8096:

8087:

8078:

8072:

8071:

8062:

8053:

8044:

8035:

8026:

8017:

8015:

8006:

7997:

7991:

7990:

7981:

7972:

7963:

7954:

7945:

7936:

7934:

7925:

7916:

7910:

7909:

7900:

7898:

7889:

7883:

7882:

7877:

7872:

7867:

7862:

7857:

7852:

7847:

7842:

7837:

7832:

7827:

7822:

7817:

7812:

7807:

7802:

7800:

7795:

7790:

7785:

7782:

7781:

7778:Periodic table7776:

7774:

7773:

7766:

7759:

7751:

7742:

7741:

7737:

7736:

7711:

7709:

7684:

7682:

7657:

7655:

7630:

7628:

7603:

7601:

7576:

7574:

7568:

7565:

7564:

7559:

7557:

7556:

7549:

7542:

7534:

7528:

7527:

7520:

7517:

7514:J. J. Lagowski7506:

7495:

7487:

7484:

7483:

7482:

7469:

7454:

7438:

7432:

7413:

7410:

7408:

7407:

7400:

7378:

7359:(3): 235–260.7343:

7309:

7298:fias.institute7285:

7250:

7213:

7195:

7177:

7166:

7146:

7135:

7115:

7090:

7019:

7012:

6986:

6962:

6925:

6898:(6): 2324–34.6882:

6831:

6779:

6772:

6754:

6747:

6721:

6714:

6696:

6689:

6673:Gray, Theodore6661:

6654:

6634:

6627:

6597:

6571:

6564:

6540:

6525:

6499:

6482:Miller, M. M.6474:

6463:

6443:

6432:

6412:

6390:

6384:978-35273067326383:

6350:

6318:

6284:

6250:

6243:

6221:

6214:

6196:

6166:

6146:Comptes Rendus6132:

6101:

6069:

6048:

6021:(6): 188–189.6005:

5954:

5947:

5927:

5920:

5900:

5838:

5836:, p.539.5823:

5816:(4): 456–457.5800:

5781:(8): 577–582.5758:

5735:

5733:, p.537.5723:

5682:

5641:

5600:

5598:, p.535.5585:

5550:

5543:

5523:

5502:

5478:

5454:

5427:

5400:

5366:

5342:

5318:

5257:

5240:

5177:

5140:

5075:

5010:

4973:

4961:

4949:

4937:

4925:

4918:

4896:

4889:

4869:

4862:

4840:

4820:

4796:

4770:

4721:

4686:

4653:

4646:

4621:

4593:

4553:

4500:

4461:

4459:

4456:

4453:

4452:

4439:

4430:

4409:

4355:refers to the4344:

4331:

4330:

4328:

4325:

4324:

4323:

4316:

4313:

4209:

4206:

4137:

4136:

4116:

4114:

4103:

4100:

4099:

4098:

4094:

4090:

4086:

4082:

4078:

4074:

4070:

4020:

4019:

4015:

4012:

4008:

4004:

4000:

3974:

3973:

3970:

3966:

3962:

3958:

3955:

3947:

3943:

3939:

3935:

3932:

3928:

3924:

3920:

3916:

3912:

3909:

3905:

3901:

3897:

3894:

3890:

3889:CaO + 3C → CaC3883:

3882:

3878:

3874:

3859:

3858:

3855:

3851:

3847:

3843:

3836:

3835:

3831:

3827:

3820:

3819:

3815:

3811:

3792:

3789:

3785:

3784:

3780:

3776:

3772:

3760:

3759:

3756:

3752:

3748:

3744:

3740:

3728:

3727:

3723:

3719:

3715:

3711:

3707:

3683:

3682:

3679:

3675:

3674:

3671:

3667:

3666:

3663:

3659:

3658:

3655:

3651:

3650:

3645:

3627:The flame test3622:

3619:

3618:

3617:

3595:

3594:

3591:

3587:

3586:Be + NaOH + 2H3565:

3564:

3561:

3557:

3554:

3551:

3547:

3536:

3535:

3527:

3524:

3520:

3506:

3505:

3502:

3498:

3472:

3471:

3468:

3464:

3450:

3449:

3446:

3442:

3438:

3435:

3432:

3428:

3424:

3410:

3409:

3406:

3402:

3398:

3394:

3390:

3386:

3383:

3380:

3376:

3372:

3368:

3364:

3361:

3357:

3356:CaO + 3C → CaC3354:

3350:

3336:

3335:

3331:

3320:

3319:

3315:

3312:

3308:

3286:

3285:

3282:

3278:

3266:

3263:

3247:drinking water3228:Barium sulfate3165:reducing agent3107:James Chadwick3100:Be + He (α) →3092:heat conductor3072:

3069:

3049:barium nitrate3043:(such as with3037:barium sulfide2987:aluminum oxide2950:

2949:

2929:

2927:

2916:

2913:

2830:

2827:

2794:

2791:

2727:

2724:

2720:mercuric oxide2696:Adair Crawford2691:

2688:

2680:mercuric oxide2656:ancient Romans2636:

2633:

2625:mercuric oxide2616:

2613:

2591:with metallic2546:

2543:

2479:

2476:

2413:

2410:

2408:

2405:

2370:hydroxyapatite2331:of primordial2117:

2114:

2111:

2110:

2108:

2105:

2102:

2099:

2096:

2093:

2090:

2087:

2084:

2081:

2079:

2073:

2072:

2070:

2067:

2064:

2061:

2058:

2055:

2052:

2049:

2046:

2043:

2040:

2034:

2033:

2026:

2023:

2020:

2017:

2014:

2011:

2008:

2005:

2002:

1999:

1996:

1990:

1989:

1982:

1979:

1976:

1973:

1970:

1967:

1964:

1961:

1958:

1955:

1952:

1946:

1945:

1943:

1940:

1937:

1934:

1931:

1928:

1925:

1922:

1919:

1916:

1913:

1907:

1906:

1904:

1901:

1898:

1895:

1892:

1889:

1886:

1883:

1880:

1877:

1874:

1868:

1867:

1861:

1850:

1838:

1827:

1820:

1809:

1798:

1787:

1776:

1764:

1749:

1746:

1744:

1743:

1740:

1739:

1736:

1733:

1730:

1727:

1723:

1722:

1719:

1716:

1713:

1710:

1706:

1705:

1702:

1699:

1696:

1693:

1689:

1688:

1685:

1682:

1679:

1676:

1672:

1671:

1668:

1665:

1662:

1659:

1655:

1654:

1651:

1647:

1644:

1640:

1637:

1634:

1623:

1587:

1570:

1567:

1553:electron shell1515:periodic table1472:boiling points1468:melting points1451:

1450:

1443:

1440:

1435:

1431:

1430:

1423:

1420:

1415:

1411:

1410:

1403:

1402:2, 8, 18, 8, 21400:

1395:

1391:

1390:

1383:

1380:

1375:

1371:

1370:

1363:

1360:

1355:

1351:

1350:

1343:

1340:

1335:

1331:

1330:

1325:

1320:

1315:

1297:

1294:

1292:

1289:

1244:Together with1204:periodic table1186:

1185:

1182:

1181:

1173:

1172:

1166:

1165:

1149:

1148:

1130:

1128:

1122:

1121:

1103:

1101:

1095:

1094:

1076:

1074:

1068:

1067:

1049:

1047:

1041:

1040:

1022:

1020:

1014:

1013:

995:

993:

987:

986:

977:

976:

972:

971:

968:

959:

956:

955:

952:

943:

940:

939:

936:

932:

931:

926:

922:

921:

918:

908:

907:

894:

890:

889:

882:

875:

868:

861:

854:

847:

840:

833:

826:

819:

812:

805:

798:

791:

784:

777:

770:

763:

756:

749:

742:

735:

728:

721:

714:

707:

700:

693:

686:

679:

672:

664:

663:

656:

649:

642:

635:

628:

621:

614:

607:

600:

593:

586:

579:

572:

565:

558:

551:

544:

537:

530:

523:

516:

509:

502:

495:

488:

481:

474:

467:

460:

453:

446:

438:

437:

430:

423:

416:

409:

402:

395:

388:

381:

374:

367:

360:

353:

346:

339:

332:

325:

323:

321:

314:

306:

305:

298:

291:

284:

277:

270:

263:

256:

249:

242:

235:

228:

221:

214:

207:

200:

193:

191:

184:

176:

175:

168:

161:

154:

147:

140:

133:

131:

124:

116:

115:

108:

101:

94:

87:

80:

73:

71:

64:

56:

55:

48:

46:

36:

33:

32:

15:

13:

10:

9:

6:

4:

3:

2:

9866:

9865:

9854:

9851:

9849:

9846:

9844:

9841:

9840:

9838:

9823:

9822:

9813:

9811:

9810:

9801:

9800:

9797:

9791:

9788:

9786:

9783:

9779:

9776:

9774:

9771:

9770:

9769:

9766:

9765:

9763:

9759:

9751:

9748:

9746:

9743:

9741:

9738:

9736:

9735:controversies9733:

9731:

9728:

9727:

9726:

9723:

9719:

9716:

9714:

9711:

9709:

9706:

9705:

9704:

9701:

9700:

9698:

9696:

9692:

9682:

9679:

9677:

9674:

9672:

9669:

9667:

9664:

9662:

9659:

9657:

9656:Melting point9654:

9652:

9649:

9647:

9644:

9642:

9639:

9637:

9636:Heat capacity9634:

9632:

9629:

9627:

9624:

9622:

9619:

9617:

9614:

9612:

9609:

9607:

9604:

9602:

9599:

9597:

9594:

9592:

9591:Boiling point9589:

9587:

9586:Atomic radius9584:

9582:

9579:

9578:

9576:

9572:

9566:

9563:

9561:

9558:

9556:

9553:

9551:

9548:

9546:

9543:

9541:

9538:

9537:

9535:

9533:

9529:

9523:

9520:

9518:

9515:

9513:

9510:

9507:

9503:

9499:

9498:

9496:

9494:

9490:

9487:

9485:

9481:

9471:

9468:

9466:

9463:

9461:

9458:

9456:

9453:

9451:

9450:Native metals9448:

9446:

9443:

9441:

9438:

9436:

9433:

9431:

9428:

9426:

9423:

9421:

9418:

9416:

9413:

9412:

9410:

9406:

9396:

9393:

9392:

9390:

9388:

9384:

9378:

9377:Dividing line9375:

9373:

9370:

9369:

9367:

9365:

9361:

9355:

9352:

9350:

9347:

9345:

9342:

9340:

9337:

9336:

9334:

9332:

9328:

9325:

9323:

9318:

9308:

9305:

9304:

9302:

9300:

9296:

9288:

9285:

9283:

9280:

9278:

9275:

9274:

9273:

9270:

9268:

9265:

9263:

9260:

9258:

9255:

9253:

9250:

9248:

9245:

9243:

9240:

9238:

9235:

9234:

9232:

9230:

9226:

9220:

9217:

9215:

9214:17 (Halogens)9212:

9210:

9207:

9205:

9202:

9200:

9197:

9195:

9192:

9190:

9187:

9185:

9182:

9180:

9177:

9175:

9172:

9170:

9167:

9165:

9162:

9160:

9157:

9155:

9152:

9150:

9147:

9145:

9142:

9140:

9137:

9135:

9132:

9131:

9129:

9127:

9123:

9120:

9116:

9113:

9111:

9107:

9101:

9098:

9096:

9093:

9092:

9090:

9086:

9082:

9075:

9070:

9068:

9063:

9061:

9056:

9055:

9052:

9036:

9033:

9031:

9028:

9026:

9023:

9021:

9018:

9017:

9010:

9001:

8992:

8983:

8974:

8965:

8956:

8947:

8938:

8929:

8920:

8911:

8902:

8893:

8884:

8875:

8866:

8857:

8848:

8839:

8830:

8821:

8812:

8803:

8794:

8785:

8776:

8767:

8758:

8749:

8740:

8731:

8722:

8714:

8710:

8706:

8697:

8688:

8679:

8670:

8661:

8652:

8643:

8634:

8625:

8616:

8607:

8598:

8589:

8580:

8571:

8562:

8553:

8544:

8535:

8526:

8517:

8508:

8499:

8490:

8481:

8472:

8463:

8454:

8445:

8436:

8427:

8419:

8415:

8411:

8402:

8393:

8384:

8375:

8366:

8357:

8348:

8339:

8330:

8321:

8312:

8303:

8294:

8285:

8276:

8265:

8256:

8248:

8244:

8240:

8231:

8222:

8213:

8204:

8195:

8186:

8177:

8168:

8159:

8150:

8141:

8132:

8123:

8114:

8105:

8094:

8085:

8077:

8073:

8069:

8060:

8051:

8042:

8033:

8024:

8013:

8004:

7996:

7992:

7988:

7979:

7970:

7961:

7952:

7943:

7932:

7923:

7915:

7911:

7907:

7896:

7888:

7884:

7881:

7876:

7871:

7866:

7861:

7856:

7851:

7846:

7841:

7836:

7831:

7826:

7821:

7816:

7811:

7806:

7799:

7794:

7789:

7788:

7783:

7779:

7772:

7767:

7765:

7760:

7758:

7753:

7752:

7749:

7734:

7719:

7715:

7710:

7707:

7692:

7688:

7683:

7680:

7665:

7661:

7656:

7653:

7638:

7634:

7629:

7626:

7611:

7607:

7602:

7599:

7584:

7580:

7575:

7572:

7571:

7566:

7562:

7555:

7550:

7548:

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7536:

7535:

7532:

7525:

7521:

7518:

7515:

7511:

7507:

7504:

7500:

7496:

7493:

7490:

7489:

7485:

7472:

7466:

7462:

7461:

7455:

7450:

7449:

7443:

7439:

7435:

7429:

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7416:

7415:

7411:

7403:

7397:

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7389:

7382:

7379:

7374:

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7366:

7362:

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7331:

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7323:

7316:

7314:

7310:

7299:

7295:

7294:"Home / FIAS"7289:

7286:

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7277:

7273:

7269:

7266:(2): 024603.7265:

7261:

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7251:

7235:

7231:

7224:

7217:

7214:

7209:

7205:

7199:

7196:

7191:

7187:

7181:

7178:

7173:

7169:

7163:

7159:

7158:

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7147:

7142:

7138:

7132:

7128:

7127:

7119:

7116:

7105:on 2009-07-217104:

7100:

7094:

7091:

7086:

7080:

7072:

7068:

7063:

7058:

7054:

7050:

7046:

7042:

7039:(3): 255–62.7038:

7034:

7030:

7023:

7020:

7015:

7009:

7005:

7000:

6999:

6990:

6987:

6979:

6972:

6966:

6963:

6953:on 2016-03-036949:

6945:

6938:

6937:

6929:

6926:

6921:

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6893:

6886:

6883:

6878:

6874:

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6862:

6858:

6854:

6850:

6846:

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6835:

6832:

6826:

6821:

6817:

6813:

6809:

6805:

6801:

6797:

6790:

6783:

6780:

6775:

6773:0-8493-0486-56769:

6765:

6758:

6755:

6750:

6744:

6740:

6736:

6732:

6725:

6722:

6717:

6715:0-87170-657-16711:

6707:

6700:

6697:

6692:

6686:

6681:

6680:

6674:

6668:

6666:

6662:

6657:

6655:1-56676-661-36651:

6647:

6646:

6638:

6635:

6630:

6624:

6620:

6615:

6614:

6608:

6601:

6598:

6585:

6581:

6575:

6572:

6567:

6565:3-540-66693-16561:

6557:

6553:

6552:

6544:

6541:

6536:

6532:

6528:

6522:

6518:

6514:

6510:

6503:

6500:

6492:

6485:

6478:

6475:

6470:

6466:

6464:97890541082906460:

6456:

6455:

6447:

6444:

6439:

6435:

6429:

6425:

6424:

6423:Radioactivity6416:

6413:

6409:

6405:

6402:

6397:

6395:

6391:

6386:

6380:

6376:

6372:

6369:. Wiley-VCH.6368:

6361:

6359:

6357:

6355:

6351:

6336:

6329:

6322:

6319:

6306:

6302:

6300:

6297:Mark Winter,6294:

6288:

6285:

6272:

6268:

6266:

6263:Mark Winter,6260:

6254:

6251:

6246:

6244:0-19-850340-76240:

6235:

6234:

6225:

6222:

6217:

6215:0-911910-00-X6211:

6207:

6200:

6197:

6184:

6180:

6176:

6170:

6167:

6155:

6152:: 1215–1217.6151:

6147:

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6128:

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5571:

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5557:

5555:

5551:

5546:

5544:0-313-33438-25540:

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5512:

5506:

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5488:

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5443:on 6 May 20125442:

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5416:on 6 May 20125415:

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5404:

5401:

5396:

5392:

5389:(3): 030001.5388:

5384:

5377:

5370:

5367:

5356:

5352:

5346:

5343:

5332:

5328:

5322:

5319:

5314:

5310:

5306:

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5286:

5281:

5276:

5272:

5268:

5261:

5258:

5253:

5252:

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5241:

5230:on 2010-06-115226:

5222:

5218:

5214:

5210:

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5202:

5198:

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5109:

5105:

5101:

5098:

5097:

5089:

5082:

5080:

5076:

5060:

5056:

5052:

5048:

5044:

5041:: 2131–2156.5040:

5036:

5033:

5032:

5024:

5017:

5015:

5011:

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4994:

4990:

4988:

4983:

4977:

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4970:

4965:

4962:

4958:

4953:

4950:

4946:

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4934:

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4926:

4921:

4915:

4911:

4907:

4900:

4897:

4892:

4886:

4882:

4881:

4873:

4870:

4865:

4859:

4855:

4851:

4844:

4841:

4836:

4829:

4827:

4825:

4821:

4817:

4807:

4800:

4797:

4784:

4780:

4774:

4771:

4766:

4762:

4757:

4752:

4748:

4744:

4741:(2013): 438.4740:

4736:

4732:

4725:

4722:

4709:

4705:

4701:

4697:

4690:

4687:

4681:

4676:

4672:

4668:

4664:

4657:

4654:

4649:

4643:

4639:

4635:

4631:

4625:

4622:

4617:

4610:

4608:

4606:

4604:

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4600:

4598:

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4574:

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4529:

4523:

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4509:

4507:

4505:

4501:

4497:

4493:

4492:0-85404-438-84489:

4485:

4481:

4477:

4476:

4471:

4466:

4463:

4457:

4449:

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4423:

4419:

4413:

4410:

4362:

4358:

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4319:

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4306:

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4274:

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4171:

4167:

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4148:

4144:

4133:

4124:

4120:

4117:This section4115:

4112:

4108:

4107:

4101:

4085:+ Ca → CaO·Al4068:

4067:

4066:

4064:

4060:

4056:

4052:

4048:

4044:

4040:

4036:

4032:

4027:

4026:

4025:

4013:

4003:+ 2HCl → BeCl3998:

3997:

3996:

3994:

3990:

3986:

3981:

3980:

3979:

3956:

3953:

3933:

3910:

3895:

3888:

3887:

3886:

3872:

3871:

3870:

3868:

3864:

3841:

3840:

3839:

3838:or nitrates:3825:

3824:

3823:

3809:

3808:

3807:

3805:

3800:

3799:

3798:

3790:

3788:

3770:

3769:

3768:

3765:

3764:

3738:

3737:

3736:

3733:

3732:

3705:

3704:

3703:

3701:

3697:

3696:

3692:

3691:

3690:

3680:

3677:

3676:

3673:Green/Yellow3672:

3669:

3668:

3664:

3661:

3660:

3656:

3653:

3652:

3649:

3646:

3644:

3641:

3640:

3637:

3635:

3634:Bunsen burner3630:

3629:

3628:

3620:

3615:

3614:

3613:

3611:

3607:

3602:

3601:

3600:

3585:

3584:

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3577:

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3555:

3545:

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3533:

3525:

3518:

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3513:

3512:

3511:

3496:

3495:

3494:

3492:

3488:

3484:

3479:

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3477:

3462:

3461:

3460:

3457:

3456:

3455:

3436:

3422:

3421:

3420:

3417:

3416:

3415:

3384:

3362:

3355:

3348:

3347:

3346:

3343:

3342:

3341:

3329:

3328:

3327:

3326:

3325:

3313:

3306:

3305:

3304:

3303:

3302:

3297:

3295:

3294:deliquescence3291:

3276:

3275:

3274:

3273:

3272:

3264:

3262:

3260:

3256:

3255:brachytherapy3252:

3248:

3244:

3240:

3235:

3233:

3229:

3225:

3221:

3217:

3213:

3209:

3205:

3201:

3197:

3192:

3190:

3186:

3182:

3178:

3174:

3170:

3166:

3161:

3159:

3155:

3154:Kroll process3152:, and in the3151:

3147:

3143:

3139:

3134:

3132:

3128:

3124:

3120:

3116:

3112:

3108:

3097:

3093:

3089:

3085:

3081:

3078:

3070:

3068:

3066:

3062:

3058:

3054:

3050:

3046:

3042:

3038:

3033:

3031:

3027:

3023:

3018:

3016:

3012:

3008:

3007:sulfuric acid3004:

3000:

2996:

2992:

2988:

2984:

2980:

2976:

2968:

2964:

2960:

2956:

2946:

2943:November 20122937:

2933:

2930:This section2928:

2925:

2921:

2920:

2914:

2912:

2910:

2906:

2902:

2901:decay product2897:

2895:

2891:

2887:

2882:

2880:

2876:

2872:

2868:

2864:

2860:

2856:

2850:

2848:

2844:

2835:

2828:

2826:

2824:

2820:

2816:

2812:

2808:

2804:

2800:

2792:

2790:

2788:

2784:

2780:

2776:

2775:Robert Bunsen2772:

2768:

2764:

2760:

2756:

2752:

2748:

2744:

2740:

2732:

2725:

2723:

2721:

2717:

2713:

2709:

2705:

2701:

2697:

2689:

2687:

2685:

2681:

2677:

2673:

2669:

2665:

2661:

2660:calcium oxide2657:

2653:

2649:

2645:

2641:

2634:

2632:

2630:

2629:Antoine Bussy2626:

2622:

2614:

2612:

2610:

2606:

2602:

2599:performed an2598:

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2585:Antoine Bussy2582:

2578:

2574:

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2555:

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2540:

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2531:Antoine Bussy2528:

2524:

2519:

2517:

2513:

2509:

2505:

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2497:

2493:

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2485:

2477:

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2461:

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2443:

2439:

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2402:

2398:

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2334:

2330:

2326:

2322:

2317:

2315:

2311:

2306:

2304:

2300:

2296:

2295:plutonium-2392292:

2287:

2283:

2279:

2275:

2271:

2267:

2263:

2259:

2255:

2253:

2249:

2245:

2241:

2238:, as well as2237:

2233:

2229:

2225:

2221:

2217:

2213:

2209:

2208:radioisotopes2204:

2202:

2198:

2178:

2174:

2169:

2167:

2163:

2159:

2155:

2151:

2147:

2143:

2139:

2135:

2131:

2127:

2123:

2122:Earth's crust2115:

2109:

2106:

2103:

2100:

2097:

2094:

2091:

2088:

2085:

2082:

2080:

2078:

2075:

2074:

2071:

2068:

2065:

2062:

2059:

2056:

2053:

2050:

2047:

2044:

2041:

2039:

2036:

2035:

2031:

2027:

2024:

2021:

2018:

2015:

2012:

2009:

2006:

2003:

2000:

1997:

1995:

1992:

1991:

1987:

1983:

1980:

1977:

1974:

1971:

1968:

1965:

1962:

1959:

1956:

1953:

1951:

1948:

1947:

1944:

1941:

1938:

1935:

1932:

1929:

1926:

1923:

1920:

1917:

1914:

1912:

1909:

1908:

1905:

1902:

1899:

1896:

1893:

1890:

1887:

1884:

1881:

1878:

1875:

1873:

1870:

1869:

1865:

1859:

1854:

1851:

1848:

1843:

1839:

1836:

1831:

1828:

1824:

1821:

1818:

1813:

1812:Boiling point1810:

1807:

1802:

1801:Boiling point1799:

1796:

1791:

1790:Melting point1788:

1785:

1780:

1779:Melting point1777:

1774:

1769:

1768:atomic weight1765:

1762:

1761:

1747:

1737:

1734:

1731:

1728:

1725:

1724:

1720:

1717:

1714:

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1700:

1697:

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1669:

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1625:

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1620:

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1612:

1608:

1600:

1596:

1580:

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1568:

1566:

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1539:

1534:

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1528:

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1516:

1512:

1508:

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1497:

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1489:

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1469:

1465:

1460:

1458:

1457:radioactivity1448:

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1439:

1436:

1433:

1432:

1428:

1424:

1421:

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1372:

1368:

1364:

1361:

1359:

1356:

1353:

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1295:

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1240:

1236:

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1209:

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1197:

1193:

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1168:

1167:

1164:

1161:

1160:

1157:

1156:

1150:

1139:

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1127:

1124:

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1112:

1107:

1100:

1097:

1096:

1085:

1080:

1073:

1070:

1069:

1058:

1053:

1046:

1043:

1042:

1031:

1026:

1019:

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937:

934:

933:

927:

924:

923:

919:

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914:

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909:

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896:alkali metals888:

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869:

867:

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860:

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848:

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338:

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331:

326:

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320:

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307:

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292:

290:

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283:

278:

276:

271:

269:

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262:

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241:

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229:

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220:

215:

213:

208:

206:

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194:

190:

185:

183:

178:

177:

174:

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160:

155:

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146:

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117:

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